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Prostacyclin Prevents Murine Lung Cancer Independent of the Membrane Receptor by Activation of Peroxisomal Proliferator–Activated Receptor

Authors' Affiliations: ¹ Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, and ² Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; ³ Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado; and ⁴ Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Requests for reprints: Robert L. Keith, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, 1055 Clermont Street, Box 111A, Denver, CO 80220. Phone: 303-393-2869; Fax: 303-393-4639; E-mail: Robert.Keith{at}UCHSC.edu.

Overexpression of prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) decreases lung tumor multiplicity in chemical- and cigarette-smoke–induced murine lung cancer models. Prostacyclin signals through a single G-protein–coupled receptor (IP), which signals through cyclic AMP. To determine the role of this receptor in lung cancer chemoprevention by prostacyclin, PGIS-overexpressing mice were crossed to mice that lack the IP receptor [IP(–/–)]. Carcinogen-induced lung tumor incidence was similar in IP(+/+), IP(+/–), and IP(–/–) mice, and overexpression of PGIS gave equal protection in all three groups, indicating that the protective effects of prostacyclin are not mediated through activation of IP. Because prostacyclin can activate members of the peroxisomal proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors, we examined the role of PPAR in the protection of prostacyclin against lung tumorigenesis. Iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue, activated PPAR in nontransformed bronchial epithelial cells and in a subset of human non–small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Iloprost-impregnated chow fed to wild-type mice resulted in elevated lung macrophages and decreased lung tumor formation. Transgenic animals with lung-specific PPAR overexpression also developed fewer lung tumors. This reduction was not enhanced by administration of supplemental iloprost. These studies indicate that PPAR is a critical target for prostacyclin-mediated lung cancer chemoprevention and may also have therapeutic activity.

Key Words: lung cancer chemoprevention • PPAR • prostacyclin